We also found that many tribes were para- or polyphyletic and therefore propose tens of taxonomic changes at the tribe and subfamily levels. Archiearinae are monophyletic when Dirce and Acalyphes are formally transferred to Ennominae. Epidesmiinae are a lineage of “slender-bodied Oenochrominae” that include the genera Ecphyas Turner, Systatica Turner, Adeixis Warren, Dichromodes Guenée, Phrixocomes Turner, Abraxaphantes Warren, Epidesmia Duncan & Westwood and Phrataria Walker. The latter is hereby described as the subfamily Epidesmiinae Murillo-Ramos, Sihvonen & Brehm, subfam. as originally conceived by Guenée is phylogenetically distant from Epidesmia and its close relatives. The concepts of Oenochrominae and Desmobathrinae required major revision and, after appropriate rearrangements, these groups also form monophyletic subfamily-level entities. Desmobathrinae and Oenochrominae are found to be polyphyletic.
Sterrhinae becomes monophyletic only if Ergavia Walker, Ametris Hübner and Macrotes Westwood, which are currently placed in Oenochrominae, are formally transferred to Sterrhinae.
We found high support for the subfamilies Larentiinae, Geometrinae and Ennominae in their traditional scopes. The molecular data set was analyzed using maximum likelihood as implemented in IQ-TREE and RAxML. We analyzed a molecular dataset of 1,206 Geometroidea terminal taxa from all biogeographical regions comprising up to 11 molecular markers that includes one mitochondrial (COI) and 10 protein-coding nuclear gene regions (wingless, ArgK, MDH, RpS5, GAPDH, IDH, Ca-ATPase, Nex9, EF-1alpha, CAD). Our study aims to investigate the relationships of the major lineages within the moth family Geometridae, with a focus on the poorly studied Oenochrominae-Desmobathrinae complex, and to translate some of the results into a coherent subfamilial and tribal level classification for the family. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies.
Cite this article Murillo-Ramos L, Brehm G, Sihvonen P, Hausmann A, Holm S, Reza Ghanavi H, Õunap E, Truuverk A, Staude H, Friedrich E, Tammaru T, Wahlberg N. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. Licence This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. 10 Berghoffsweg 5, Jena, Germany DOI 10.7717/peerj.7386 Published Accepted Received Academic Editor Joseph Gillespie Subject Areas Entomology, Evolutionary Studies, Taxonomy, Zoology Keywords New subfamily, Phylogeny, Moths, Epidesmiinae, Taxonomy, Loopers Copyright © 2019 Murillo-Ramos et al.
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